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Signs of a coming Geomagnetic Reversal (1c) (3 of 3)
by Twi
(Aberystwyth)
At the point where a convection current reaches the core-mantle boundary, it dissipates its energy into the mantle and the current itself effectively ‘disperses’ with zero field strength.
The moment of dissipation would be very quick in geological time-scales. As a consequence, an observer outside of the core will experience a sudden change in the average magnetic field. A new average is created along a different orientation to the original.
Now that goes some way into explaining why a geomagnetic ‘pole-flip’ might occur, I still needed to describe the environmental effects. For that, my mind left the planet’s heart bound for the upper atmosphere and the scene of an observable consequence – the ionosphere.
“What is the ionosphere?”
The ionosphere is a layer of charged particles high above the Earth-s surface (50 – 1000 km). It is caused by ionisation of particles by ultraviolet and ‘soft’ X-rays from the sun.
As charged particles, they are susceptible to the magnetic field, and therefore changes in the magnetic field (or magnetic anomalies) would have an observable consequence in how these particles behave.
Charged particles can also emanate from the sun (such as in the form of a coronal mass ejection). These particles are also subject to the paths set out by the magnetic field lines. Once such observable consequence is the Aurora. Charged particles are ‘funnelled’ towards the geomagnetic poles, where they interact with the atmosphere in a spectacular light show.
The ionosphere is also reflective to electromagnetic radiation in the radio and microwave region. Since communication relies heavily on radio waves bouncing from the ionosphere, a change in the ionosphere and quantity of charged particles would have an effect on communications.
Many satellites are also in the ionosphere region. A massive change in the ionosphere would also cause disruptions and could permanently disable them.
The magnetic field at this altitude is described by the ‘magnetosphere’ – the boundaries of which are determined by the interface from the sun’s magnetic field. The interface fluctuates because the two interacting fields are fluctuating.
The magnetosphere can be thought of as a giant sheet stretched out high above the Earth. Charged particles are captured by it and ‘run down’ towards the poles.
Take the sheet away, or weaken it in some way, then more charged particles will ‘get through’. In the event of a coronal mass ejection, Aurora would be observed world-wide and not just at the poles.
The flux of ionising radiation, however, would remain relatively constant over the time scale of a field reversal. The UV and soft X-rays would be mopped up first by the mesosphere to create the ionosphere, and then by the upper stratosphere in generation of the ozone-layer.
As far as life on Earth goes, things would appear (at first) to be largely unaffected – even if the magnetic field collapsed totally, on the short term at least. This concept – adopted by many ‘experts’ today- is far from true.
Despite the obvious communications blackouts that would occur, the question of magnetic effects in nature remained a crucial point. I was already aware of some animals using magnetic field-lines to navigate, in the same way a sailor might steer their ship across an ocean. To say that a major change in the Earth’s magnetic field would have no effect on those animals seemed preposterous.
For this I needed to observe the time-scales involved. Field reversals generally occur over relatively short periods – far too quickly for evolution to catch up. A very rapid change in field would therefore see birds and marine animals migrating ‘off course’. However, the life-span of a single generation of animal is far smaller than the time-scales of a complete reversal, so they’d experience a relatively small change.
I re-examined my geomagnetic field model at the point of dissipation. In principle, the field change should begin with a slow movement which gradually increases. The point of dissipation would be a tipping point where the field strength and pole-migration would become ‘run-away’. The field then temporarily collapses (from an outsider point of view) and realigns with a different orientation.
Has any such accelerating pole migration been observed.
I dug deep and found a map of the positions of the Earth’s Geomagnetic North pole over the last hundred years. In each year that passed, the distance between positions increased. A similar feature was happening with the position of the South Geomagnetic pole too. I realised, that not only had accelerating pole-migration been observed, but that it was happening now – already. The pole-flip had already started. Sooner or later it’d reach a tipping point and go run-away. But when? And, more importantly, when it does occur, how long would the field be ‘down’ for.
My mind returned once again to the extinction of the dinosaurs. Something there just did not add up. Given that an asteroid was responsible, it is a statistically probable that at least some species of dinosaur would have survived.
After all, what did those small mammals eat?
I read an article where it was thought they were eating the dinosaur eggs. If that was true, then it stands to reason that the two species were strongly linked. If there were no dinosaurs, there can’t have been any eggs, and therefore the mammals would go hungry and die out too.
Some dinosaurs also lived in the sea. Why would they be effected by what happens on land? Unless, of course, part of their marine food chain was dependent on the land dwelling animals.
An asteroid impact would, without doubt, kick up enough dust into the atmosphere to create a temporary ‘ice age’. A glacial expansion at the poles would have a knock on effect on the ocean currents and temperatures. So, yes, it is feasible that the extinction of sea-dwelling dinosaurs was initiated with the onset of this ice-age.
But it still did not explain just what those little mammals feasted on during this time. As small, warm blooded creatures, their surface area to volume ratios would have been huge. That means they would loose heat to their surroundings faster. To compensate, a higher metabolic rate implied they had to eat much more in relation to their body mass.
Even if the mammals all lived at the equator where things were still probably quite warm, there would not have been enough to eat. Equatorial dinosaurs too would have lived on, so here – where the ice-age did not reach – life should have continued on as normal within the local ecosystems. Mammals would eat some eggs, and the dinosaur species would continue – as not all the eggs would be eaten.
So, if that is the case, how come no one outside of the Fred Flinstone cartoons has their own pet Dino today?
The surviving dinosaurs would have evolved in much the same way mammals evolved. A species will adapt to its surroundings to meet its needs for continual survival. This is provided that evolution can keep pace with environmental changes.
Of course, not all dinosaurs were wiped out.
Alligators and birds are examples of their descendants.
This thought had serious implications. If birds are the descendants of dinosaurs (probably the ones that survived near the equator), then did dinosaurs also navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field? If so, then if the field changed quickly enough, could it have triggered a wider extinction level event.
In other words, was the ELE of 65 million years ago inevitable?
There were too many coincidences springing up. Not all pole-flips prior to the reign of the dinosaurs and afterwards matched up with mass extinctions, however where there was a correlation, the field change happened quite abruptly.
Such an abrupt change would have had serious consequences for sea-dwelling dinosaurs. So, even in the absence of the asteroid, some species were pretty much doomed.
I needed to re-examine the point where the field collapses. With a weak or lack of magnetosphere, all those charged particles would stream directly into the atmosphere without being channeled towards the poles. A large CME would have bathed all creatures (apart from, perhaps, those deep in the ocean) in charged particles.
Could this have in turn triggered mutations in the gene pools?
Evolution continues through such mutations. If one mutation turns out to be stronger than the species, then the species will continue through that mutation.
During a field reversal, there would be an increase in species mutation bought on by the continual bombardment of charged particles during a solar storm.
Could this be true? Could Magnetic field reversals trigger an acceleration in evolution?
For this I needed to examine the evolutionary trends for animals during periods of Geomagnetic stability and instability. The times of the dinosaurs, a period of stability, seemed to show limited evolution. Yes, the species of dinosaurs themselves changed a bit, but overall nothing much seemed to happen. Dinosaurs had reached the pinnacle of what they could become in that environment. There was no need for change.
During periods of instability, however, the story changed somewhat. Life had to continually adapt and change to meet the demands of such shifts. Pole-flips might not have been directly responsible for mass extinctions, but they did seem responsible for the emergence of new, stronger species.
Coming in part 2:
Prehistoric Venus and the field collapse.
Energy transfer II - Mantle plumes and seismic activity.
Build your own HAARP: Earthquakes, animal behaviour and ionosphere lensing.
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Signs of a coming Geomagnetic Reversal (1b)
by Twi
(Aberystwyth)
So continental drift is powered by convection currents in the mantle. Convection is nature’s way of trying to balance heat - moving energy from a warm place to a cooler one.
The Earth’s core is the warm place, and the Lithosphere the cooler.
I had found the mantle process I was looking for.
There were more questions to answer, but they’d have to wait. Time to take a convenient detour and join up with that other road.
Geological pole-flips usually happened fairly quickly. I’d seen evidence of complete field reversals happening over hundreds of years, not the millions of years normally encountered in geology. The field would be stable for up to several hundred thousand years and then change again.
Not only that, but there was a geomagnetic pole ‘wondering’ around the geographic pole – this was periodic, with one complete rotation every 9000 years.
The rotation was a little odd at first.
It implied something rotating at a different rate to another, and one of those objects had to be inside the other. Once I’d considered this, the reason was simple. The Earth’s interior was rotating slightly faster than the Earth’s surface. Given the density profile of the Earth, and the fact that tidal friction with the moon was causing the Earth’s rotation to slow down, this was hardly surprising.
The polar wondering was therefore another consequence of tidal friction with the moon.
The core too was not only slowing down (but at a slower rate to the rest of the Earth), but also cooling. It had happened on Mars already. Mar’s surface area-volume ratio was larger than the Earth, therefore heat escaped from it more quickly. A cooler, solid core meant Mars had no magnetic field either.
With knowledge that the Earth would one day suffer the same fate as Mars, I returned the question of the current state of the field.
“If the core convection drives the magnetic field, and those convection currents move and therefore change, what happens to the global average field we experience?”
To fully explore this, I considered the saucepan of boiling water again. The currents, when they first start out, are usually quite small, and as they rise they expand and grow in size until they reach the surface.
Now, when they reach the surface, new, smaller ones form on the saucepan metal below them. The larger one on top dissipates, and the new smaller ones take over. Once the energy transfer has occurred, the water is cooled, and sinks back down again.
In the context of the Earth’s core, I derived the following model:
The liquid core has two boundaries: The core-mantle interface, and the inner core-outer core boundary. These two interfaces are our ‘surfaces’. In this context, the inner-core boundary is the surface of the saucepan metal. The core-mantle boundary is the surface of the boiling water – the interface between water and air.
For each convection current that forms, an associated ‘bar magnet’ is given, the size according to the ‘radius’, ‘mass’ and rotational velocity of the convective current. The field strength is determined by the Maxwell equations and the equation of electromotive force; F=v x B -> vBsin(theta)= mv^2/r.
An observer outside of this core will experience an average field with an intensity and orientation that is the sum of all ‘core’ bar magnets.
Expansion of existing currents and the creation of new ones ensure the field also changes over time. The change increases as a current approaches the core-mantle interface.
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Signs of a coming Geomagnetic Reversal (1a)
by Twi
(Aberystwyth)
It all began about 5 years ago, whilst studying for an undergraduate degree in Astrophysics.
We were given core lectures in electromagnetism and fluid dynamics, and had a number of options in which we could ‘pick and choose’ what to explore.
Amongst the vast wealth of knowledge to which I had been exposed, one area intrigued me greatly. I sat lectures in planetary geophysics, Earth observation science and Earth-Solar interactions in hope of finding an answer to the reason. At times I even asked – but no one really seemed to know.
The question I asked was simple: “Why are the geomagnetic poles not in the same place as the geographical poles?”
I explored this puzzle a little further, and soon encountered other unexplained anomalies. They were well known facts with little or no explanation behind them. The two anomalies seemed to be interconnected, and posed two further questions:
Draw a line between the north and south magnetic poles through the Earth. The line does not pass through the exact centre of the Earth. Why?
What is the cause of the “South Atlantic Anomaly”?
It seemed the region of low magnetic field in the South Atlantic was the region furthest from the two poles. Question answered, in part, but it still didn’t fully explain why the axis of the magnetic poles did not line up with the geographic poles, or pass through the centre of the Earth.
With that in mind, I returned to the basics, investigating what causes the magnetic field in the first place. The Earth still had a liquid metal outer core, which acts as a huge dynamo, driving an electric current and hence generating the field we come to know as the Geomagnetic field. It stands to reason that if the entire core is rotating as a single liquid body, one field would be generated which should be aligned with the axis of Earth’s rotation. Surely the core would rotate along the same axis?
I pondered on this for a while, and went away to absorb information when time permitted. Life as a university student had its perks. I do like to party once in a while…
The answer came whilst boiling a saucepan of water. The pan sat on a hot ring, heating the water from below. The heat is distributed through the water via small plumes and convection currents, visible as tiny distortions if looking end on through the water. It was an effect I came to know since early childhood. The same heat transfer process one observes just above the surface of a road on a hot summer day.
I returned to basics again – this time looking at the dynamics of a liquid core. Given that the Earth gets hotter the deeper you go, it made sense that similar convection currents would exist not only through the Earth’s core, but also through the mantle as well. The currents, in such set ups, made small circular motions of liquid in the outer core. Being a liquid metal core, these tiny circular motions would also generate electromagnetic fields.
What we experienced on the Earth’s surface and beyond was therefore the average of these convection effects. That is, the sum of all the hundreds of tiny magnets being produced at the core.
It seemed I’d found the answer to another question. But again, this only opened more doors.
If my convective theory was correct, why does the magnetic field not fluctuate? The fluctuations would depend on how fast the currents move through the core, and how fast new ones form. Obviously, something like a saucepan of boiling water is going to have very fast moving currents. A highly viscous, treacle-like, liquid would have very slow moving currents – but also generate very weak magnetic fields too.
This was all just giving more questions that needed answering. I began wondering what other processes such a mechanism might drive. Clearly the viscosity and density profile of the Earth’s core was important. What happens at the core-mantle boundary in terms of heat transfer might also provide clues to some other processes.
At this point, the road was split: On the one path, I could continue investigating the core – and perhaps make predictions on what might follow. On the other was the question of the mantle and those ‘other processes’. Naturally I wanted to explore both. Was there a way? I still had the rest of my Physics degree to complete – and an active social life ensured I ‘played’ as hard as I worked.
As chance would have it, I had a project to do and could choose whatever topic I wanted. It was geared to provide an opportunity to experience the life of a full time academic. Since at the time I wanted to ‘stay on’ and pursue a career as a scientist and lecturer, it seemed the ideal moment.
I seized the opportunity and quickly put together a project title. I wanted to encompass some of the ‘private’ research I’d already completed on Geomagnetics, and merge it with my love for nature. There was a lot of talk flying around on ‘Global Warming’ and climate change. That same day, I’d accidentally stumbled upon a website describing a reversal of the geomagnetic poles. The site revealed a historical time-line of pole-flips in the past. Clearly, this would have some sort of impact too. It could also be a consequence of those convective effects I was looking for.
“Environmental changes and Fluctuations in the Geomagnetic Field”, the provisional title, caused a bit of a stir amongst department academics. I was told that changes in the Earth’s magnetic field would have no observable effect on the environment.
I remained persistent, and after some debating, managed to get my project title through – on the condition I find a supervisor. As it transpired, finding one wasn’t that hard; someone amongst the ionosphere research group became interested and gave consent.
My first step was to explore the geological evidence. The magnetic fields had changed orientation many times in history. There seemed to be a pattern too. When aligned with the axis of Earth’s rotation, the geomagnetic field was quite stable. When non-aligned, many pole flips occurred.
It seemed odd that the geomagnetic field was stable during the time of the dinosaurs. Throughout the Triassic, Jurassic and early cretaceous periods there were hardly any field reversals. Then, just as suddenly, there were hundreds of recorded pole-flips – which seemed to continue to this day.
The onset of the pole-flips seemed to coincide with the extinction level event that occurred 65 million years ago. However, an asteroid slamming into the Yucatan peninsula appeared to have sealed the fate of reptilian advance in favour of small mammals. The extinction was fairly sudden – at least on the geological time-frame.
It also seemed a little too coincidental that during the period of field stability, there was only one massive continent. Continental drift appeared to have started at the same time the field became unstable. Could the mass extinction been an untimely coincidence bought on by the asteroid? Possibly… I put this question aside for now. Time to get back on the right road.
“What is the cause of continental drift?”
The continents float on a more viscous lithosphere region in the mid-upper mantle.
“Yes, but what makes them move the way they do?”
The motion is driven by convective forces – heat transfer from deeper down.
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